Figure11Diurnal variations in potential temperature in the valleys at model levels 0 (ad), 4 (eh) and 8 (il) during the last 2d of the simulation (2021December2014). Called by: - Below it is the Temperature min and max , wind angle in degrees. Potential temperature is plotted with a contour interval of 1K. Local time is shown on the xaxes. For each point on the globe, OpenWeather provides historical, current and forecasted weather data via light-speed APIs. The differences in the valley winds between the valleys are discussed in Sect.5, and the conclusions are given in Sect.6. Adding OpenWeatherMap to your Home Assistant instance can be done via the user Rajeev, K., Gunthe, S.S., and Kotamarthi, V.R.: Effects of spatial the Nepalese Himalaya, Int. Porting a Javascript To Do app to Angular, Obtaining browser location information using Angular. The depth of the up-valley wind layer and the vertical extent of the amplified diurnal cycle of potential temperature were defined based on the model level at which the clear diurnal cycle vanishes compared to the plain in the along-valley wind time series (not shown, but one model level is shown in Fig.6) and in the amplitude of the diurnal cycle of potential temperature (not shown, but three model levels are shown in Fig.11) respectively. ' | %desc% | Current Temp: %temp%C | Feels Like: %feels%C | ', '%desc% Current Temp: %temp%C Feels Like: %feels%C\n', '%name%: %dateMonth4% %dateDay2% - %timeH2%:%timeM% %ampm1%\nCurrent Temp: %temp%C Feels Like: %feels%C\nWind: %wind-speed% Km/h from the %wind-dir%^ with gusts up to %wind-gust% Km/h^\nSunrise: %sunrise% Sunset: %sunset%\n', '%icon% %dateMonth4% %dateDay2% %dateYear1% %timeH2%:%timeM% %ampm1% %desc%
 Recorded Temp: %temp% Felt like: %feels%
 Wind: %wind-speed% Km/h from the %wind-dir%^ with gusts up to %wind-gust% Km/h^
 Sunrise: %sunrise% Sunset: %sunset%', '%icon% %dateMonth4% %dateDay2% %dateYear1% %timeH2%:%timeM% %ampm1% %desc%
 Current Temp: %temp% Feels like: %feels%
 Wind: %wind-speed% Km/h from the %wind-dir%^ with gusts up to %wind-gust% Km/h^
 Sunrise: %sunrise% Sunset: %sunset%'. The supplement related to this article is available online at:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-821-2023-supplement. The local narrowing of the valley topography accelerates the wind speed through this gap, assuming a constant along-valley mass flux on both sides of the narrowing part. For both daytime and night-time, the RMSE in wind speed is lowest at Lukla and highest at NCO-P; moreover, the night-time RMSE is lower than the daytime value at each station. So lets see how to do that. At Namche, a clearer diurnal cycle is seen in both modelled and observed near-surface wind speeds (Fig.S1c in the Supplement). On 18December, the diurnal cycle is more interrupted than during the 1921December period, and the simulated night-time down-valley winds are caused by the channelling of the north-westerlies into the valleys. Direct link to signup page https://home.openweathermap.org/users/sign_up. Meteorol. City name, state code and country code divided by comma, Please, refer to, City ID. Whiteman, C. D.: Mountain Meteorology: Fundamentals and Applications, New York, Oxford University Press. Using the weather binding the windspeed is expected to be reported in km/h as default. Here, we define the amplitude of the diurnal cycle to be the difference between the maximum and minimum value of - in Fig.11. Chem. As summarised in Sect.3, the two westernmost valleys, Gaurishankar and Khumbu, have inclined valley floors throughout the length of the valley (12 in the lower part of the valleys and 25 in the upper part) and a 1km high perpendicular barrier between the valley entrance and the plain. Parts of the valleys with a steep valley floor inclination (25) are associated with weaker and shallower daytime up-valley winds compared with the parts that have nearly flat valley floors (<1). The model levels refer to heights of (ad) 25, (eh) 450 and (il) 1250m above the surface. We show that, regarding the daytime up-valley winds, the Khumbu Valley is not an exception compared to the other major valleys in this region. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization, Mon. OpenWeather is a team of IT experts and data scientists that has been practising deep weather data science since 2014. The data is frequently updated based on the global and local weather models, satellites, radars and a vast network of weather stations. Thank you @rlkoshak, the syntax for the rules was not fully correct but you put me on the right way. The narrow gap flow in the Gaurishankar Valley (discussed in Sect.4.1), around the purple cross (grid point 70; Fig.S3a in the Supplement), is seen as a relatively small area of up-valley winds exceeding 10ms1 (see also Fig.S4a in the Supplement). Climatol., 38, 17481759, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5293, 2018.a, b. Figures10 and 11 show that the diurnal cycle of potential temperature reaches higher up in the valley atmosphere compared with over the plain. Appl. dynamics in the Nepalese Himalaya, J. Geophys. At the valley entrance, the night-time winds vary from 2.5ms1 down-valley to 5ms1 up-valley (yellow time series, grid point 155 in Fig.6a). Specifically, in steeply inclined valleys, the buoyancy mechanism that drives up-slope winds in classical mountain wind theories (Whiteman,2000) may become more dominate than the valley-wind mechanism. Please note that searching by states available only for the USA locations. At Lukla, the observed wind speeds are less than 2ms1 during the whole 4d period, and the modelled wind speeds are notably larger and exhibit a clearer diurnal cycle (Fig.S1e in the Supplement) which leads to a higher MAE and MBE during daytime (MAE and MBE of 1.2ms1) compared with night-time (MAE of 0.3ms1 and MBE of 0.4ms1). There are no missing or neglected time steps in temperature observations nor in the NCO-P wind observations. 2014a.a, Giovannini, L., Zardi, D., deFranceschi, M., and Chen, F.: Numerical Invalid API-key errors might occur if your API key is used with the other modes. Res.-Atmos., 126, 3. Res.-Atmos., 120, 98829896, The weather data is provided for any moment of time for 5 days ahead and 5 days back, covering any destination and any point along the route. Here are two methods that can help transform the JSON wind data returned by Openweathermap API into units that users will find easier to understand. Please note if country is not specified then the search works for USA as a default. Terrain, Energy Proced., 59, 323329, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.10.384, Meteorological impacts of a novel debris-covered glacier category in a Geosci., 14, 49, (2002) describe the seasonal variation and climatology of the study area by means of 6years of meteorological observations made at the Nepal Climate Observatory Pyramid (NCO-P) station, located close to the base of Mount Everest (marked as a black star in Fig.2b). Review the forecast and know how weather conditions evolve over your routes to keep your employees safer on the road and out storms way. During large-scale north-westerlies (18December), the daily cycle of along-valley winds is interrupted more compared with days with large-scale westerlies (2021December), especially at the tops of the Gaurishankar, Khumbu and Makalu valleys. Sci. Download OpenWeather and enjoy it on your iPhone, iPad and iPod touch. Whiteman, C.D. and Doran, J.C.: The Relationship between Overlying Therefore, it remains unknown if these other major valleys have similar along-valley winds to those found in Khumbu Valley and, thus, if they could also act as sources of free-tropospheric aerosol. OpenWeather products are all ready-to-use and allow to minimise customers . (2021) that took place in Khumbu Valley between 29November and 25December2014, as additional observations and analysis of the local weather conditions were already available. 172, 133148, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-019-00438-3, 2019.a, Stull, R.: An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Atmospheric and To access data by zip code, you have to pass zip code and country code parameters. Oceanographic Sciences Library, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, Vol. A clear diurnal cycle of the up-slope cross-valley winds is only found in some parts of some valleys. javascript - I have wind direction data coming from OpenWeatherMap API, and the data is represented in 0 to 360 degrees. You can download list of city ID from this. Here, we write the horizontal wind in Cartesian coordinates, V=xu+yv, where u and v refer to the zonal and meridional wind components respectively. The Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) is a state-of-art numerical weather prediction model that is widely used for both operational and research purposes. Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (5079m), Atmos. It normally resides on the GNOME panel and offers you precise weather data via the OpenWeather API. 850614).Open-access funding was provided by the Helsinki University Library. See EXAMPLE.md for a demonstration of how I use this in my Daily Template. Yang, K., Guyennon, N., Ouyang, L., Tian, L., Tartari, G., and Salerno, F.: This way, the dominant driving mechanism of the along-valley winds, within the valleys, could shift from the valley volume effect to buoyant forcing due to the inclination. ma.s.l. Using only one API call, you can get Forecast (for 10 days with 3-hour step), Historical, and Current weather maps. Serafin, S. and Zardi, D.: Daytime Heat Transfer Processes Related to Slope Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Hornyi, A., You can access data of several cities simultaneously by calling several city IDs. The output frequency of the simulation was 1h (d01), 30min (d02), 10min (d03) and 5min (d04). (2015) studied. Wagner etal. They include either an extended data sets, or various tools for receiving and displaying data, etc. OpenWeather. on Planetary Boundary Layer Growth Over a Valley on the North Side of the In addition, the valley floors slope much more steeply in the Himalayan valleys compared with the valleys in Wagner etal. From the list, search and select OpenWeatherMap. This may mean that the dominate driving mechanism of the up-valley winds differs in our simulations compared with the simulations of Wagner etal. Most important for the study, the location and wind speed of the 400hPa subtropical jet are very similar with respect to the high-resolution domain (d04) of our simulation. Automatic Weather Station (GEN-AWS) in Khumbu region, Nepal Himalayas, However, whereas the along-valley winds were analysed in the centre of the valley, the cross-valley winds are analysed separately on both the east and west slopes of the valleys. Combined Rain and Snow volume for the forecasts time period, mm. The daytime cross-valley circulation consists of up-slope winds in the near-surface layer and subsidence in the valley atmosphere away from the slopes. Terrain, Energy Proced., 59, 323329. Figure10 shows the potential temperature at 15:00LT minus the potential temperature at 09:00LT as a vertical cross-section above the valley centre lines on20 and 21December. Interactive weather map allows you to watch for current temperature and weather conditions in your city or any other location on the interactive global map. These two group of valleys can be separated by their topographical characteristics: the valleys in the west have a continuous inclination in the valley floor, and there is a 1km high perpendicular mountain barrier between the valley entrance and the plain; the valleys in the east have a 40 (Makalu) and 60km (Kanchanjunga) portion with a flat valley floor from the open valley entrance into the valley. 1. Schmidli, J.: Daytime Heat Transfer Processes over Mountainous Terrain, J. Atmos. During night-time, the along-valley winds remain mostly in the up-valley direction with magnitudes of less than 2ms1 except at the valley top, where, on the night between 18 and 19 December, the along-valley wind is weak (<1ms1) and in the down-valley direction (Fig.6). List of city ID 'city.list.json.gz' can be downloaded here. So you just need to put the units in your label to display it properly. Thompson, G., Field, P.R., Rasmussen, R.M., and Hall, W.D.: Explicit Sci., 70, 40414066. Details about the API are available in the OpenWeatherMap documentation. B1: Set Unit System (Celsius: "metric", Fahrenheit: "imperial") # {EL} This is deviation from current temp that is possible for large cities and megalopolises The reduction in the wind speed with height is not as strong at the other locations in Gaurishankar Valley. Daytime up-valley winds are found in all four valleys on each day of the simulation (Fig.5); along-valley winds are discussed in detail in Sect.4.1. Model evaluation against meteorological observations from three automatic weather stations in the Khumbu Valley (one of the four valleys) shows a good agreement between the modelled and observed daily cycle of the near-surface wind speed and direction. The surface topography is from United States Geological Survey with a horizontal resolution of 30arcsec (1km) and is shown for domains d01 and d04 in Fig.2a and b respectively. Meteorol., Bianchi etal. As over half of the Earth's land surface is considered to be complex terrain (Rotach etal.,2014), this creates a high uncertainty, for example, in the global carbon budget and in climate change predictions. Temperature, humidity and wind speed can be obtained as well as snow volume and wind gust. Please note that built-in geocoder functionality has been deprecated. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3750, 2014b.a, Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Hornyi, A., ", # This will ask the user to enter city ID, # This is final url. (2021) suggested that the daytime up-valley winds in the Khumbu Valley would transport aerosol precursors from the bottom of the valley to the free troposphere. Local winds in four valleys located in the Nepal Himalayas are studied by means of high-resolution meteorological modelling. This study concentrates on four valleys located in the Nepal Himalayas during a 4d period in December 2014. You talk to every player, this is the season. At the locations with clear diurnal cycles, the daytime up-slope winds are less than 3ms1 in magnitude and their vertical extent is less than 300m (see Fig.S3 and S4 in the Supplement for vertical cross-sections of the wind components across the valleys). Saha, S., Moorthi, S., Pan, H.-L., Wu, X., Wang, J., Nadiga, S., Tripp, P., By profession I am a software engineer and I love to share my knowledge over the internet. In contrast, in the Makalu and Kanchanjunga valleys, the plain-to-valley winds flow in layers as deep as 10001500m. Up to 25ms1 near-surface winds are found on the ridges surrounding the Kanchanjunga Valley, but the near-surface winds stay below 10ms1 and flow in the up-valley direction within the valley atmosphere. For each point on the globe, OpenWeather provides historical, current and forecasted weather data via light-speed APIs. Correspondence: Johannes Mikkola (johannes.mikkola@helsinki.fi). Res., 19, 111, 2002.. The raw position constant is calculated and will contain a number that will correspond to the position in the array. Strong and shallow winds, resembling down-slope winds, are found on the leeward slope of the barrier followed by weaker and deeper winds at the valley entrance, 20km towards the valley from the barrier. Monsoon Weather Observed in the Nepal Himalaya, Mon. | 00:54, 'Crikey that was a ripsnorter mate!' manually: From the configuration menu select: Devices & Services. In the afternoon (20December at 15:00LT), the up-valley winds flow in the valley atmosphere all the way to the top of the valley (blue crosses in Fig.9) in all four valleys. Environment Canada says it is 27 km/h. At NCO-P, both the observed and modelled near-surface winds do not have a clear diurnal cycle with respect to speed (Fig.S1a in the Supplement); this is also seen in the skill scores (daytime MAE of 2.5ms1 and night-time MAE of 2.4ms1). Data is available in JSON, XML, or HTML format. Gaurishankar is the shortest valley at approximately 80km, whereas Makalu is the longest valley with a horizontal length of approximately 120km in the along-valley direction from the valley entrance to the valley top (distance along the valley centre line from the blue to yellow cross in Fig.3). Therefore, we assume a spin-up time of 12h for our simulation and exclude the output from the first 12h of the simulation in the analyses. The cross-valley wind component is considered here as a wind component perpendicular to the valley centre lines (introduced in Sect.2.3.1) and, thus, perpendicular to the along-valley wind component directly above the valley centre line. closed by 9037568 In all of the valleys, especially in their sloped parts, the isentropes turn towards the surface in a layer of 100200m, meaning that the valley floor is heated, even in the morning at 09:00LT. - The visibility in meters - And last the local IP Address. As I want to reuse the existing WindSpeed_LYO item (previously used with the Weather binding) Im not interested in any solution that only change the displayed value. However, Collier and Immerzeel (2015) suggested that their WRF simulation with a 1km horizontal grid spacing was not accurate enough to fully resolve the thermally driven valley circulations in the narrowest parts (length scales of less than 2km) of the Langtang Catchment (located just outside our innermost WRF domain to the west). This is because the sidewall slopes are not always perpendicular to the valley centre line. Such a single circulation cell spans the whole cross-valley direction and can be identified if there are daytime up-slope winds at one slope and down-slope winds at the other slope (Fig.S3h in the Supplement). Learn how your comment data is processed. Glaciol. In both the morning (Fig.8a, b) and afternoon (Fig.9a, b), the wind component towards the valleys decreases to 1ms1 for the whole depth of the plain-to-valley wind layer. Parameters During Weak Mean-Flow Conditions, Bound.-Lay. I would like to follow your blog frequently. This research has been supported by the H2020 European Research Council (grant no. Are you sure you want to create this branch? In the bottom right, click on the Go to https://openweathermap.org to register and get a key. Note: The \n's are not required when editing these in the settings. Your Shopping Cart will be saved with Product pictures and information, and Cart Totals. Easy to install instructions and includes mounting bracket and hardware. Get current weather data and forecasts for any number of locations. Keep in mind when configuring this integration, that you new API key might Due to computational and data storage limitations, it is not possible to perform a long-term simulation with high-temporal-resolution output. Rotach, M.W., Wohlfahrt, G., Hansel, A., Reif, M., Wagner, J., and Gohm, A.: Our finding (that the strongest up-valley winds occur in the flatter parts of the valleys) appears to contradict the result of Wagner etal. Although it is still available for use, bug fixing and updates are no longer available for this functionality. on 2017-05-13 Meteorol., 43, 170181, We recommend to call API by city ID to get unambiguous result for your city. The entrances into the Makalu and Kanchanjunga valleys are, in contrast, open without any such obstacles. The wind component parallel to the valley centre lines is plotted on each model level. The Khumbu Valley observational data are available from http://geonetwork.evk2cnr.org, last access: 19December2022. The rain has suspended play on outdoor courts for hours. Viewed 336 times. 1,000 API calls per day for free! The version used in this study is WRF3.6.1. You can access data by passing city name or city name and country code. 8-day weather forecast with Wind, Humidity, Dew Point, Pressure, Cloudiness, Precipitation, Visibility, and UV Index. In Kanchanjunga Valley (Fig.8d), the isentropes already tilt towards the surface throughout the valley in the morning in a layer that is about 300m deep, meaning that the valley atmosphere is warmer than the air above the plain. Id prefer to get in km/h but I cannot find any way of doing that. Response format. Lets do it practically in python. forecast.windSpeed.mps Wind speed, meters per second; forecast.windSpeed.unit Unit of measurements; forecast.windSpeed.name Type of the wind; forecast.windGust. These macros contained within the weather string will be replaced with the appropiate data. Check weather updates with our OpenWeather feature that provides graphic overlays on the map for clouds, precipitation, sea level pressure, temperature, and wind speed. Giovannini, L., Antonacci, G., Zardi, D., Laiti, L., and Panziera, L.: In all four valleys, the strongest up-valley winds occur at the entrances of the Makalu and Kanchanjunga valleys and 30km into the Gaurishankar Valley (around along-valley grid point 70). These aims are addressed primarily by analysing a 4d simulation performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, as the network of meteorological observations is rather scarce in this region. For each point on the globe, OpenWeather provides historical, current and . Ebisuzaki, W., Lin, R., Xie, P., Chen, M., Zhou, S., Higgins, W., Zou, C.-Z., In the afternoon, all of the valley atmospheres are 35K warmer in middle of the valley (purple crosses) compared with the same altitude above the plain (Fig.9). The width estimate is the distance between the west and east wall from the grid points where the elevation is above 1000m compared with the valley centre line height. This is quite easy, so lets do it practically in python. The up-valley winds exceeding 3ms1 cover half of the along-valley distance in Kanchanjunga, whereas they are only found at the valley entrance in Makalu. Dynam., 8, 507528, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-507-2017, 2017.a, b, kkeene44: Finalize WRFV4.4.2 by merging release-v4.4.2 branch onto master, Github [data set], https://github.com/wrf-model/WRF (last access: 11 January 2023), 2022.a, Lai, Y., Chen, X., Ma, Y., Chen, D., and Zhaxi, S.: Impacts of the Westerlies Phys., 15, 65896603. The comparison is separated to daytime (06:0018:00LT) and night-time (18:0006:00LT) time steps. Although they are still available for use, bug fixing and updates are no longer available for this functionality. It is a fast and easy-to-work weather APIs. The surface-based warming extends to depths of less than 1000m in the Gaurishankar and Khumbu valleys and to depths of less than 1500m in the Makalu and Kanchanjunga valleys. Pay as you call. Gets weather history for the specific time from OpenWeather (corrected to zero minutes) with the specified latitude and longitude. Mikkola, J., Sinclair, V. A., Bister, M., and Bianchi, F.: Daytime along-valley winds in the Himalayas as simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, Atmos. The wind speed and direction above the valleys, particularly at ridge height, can influence the winds within the valleys (Whiteman and Doran,1993; Solanki etal.,2019; Lai etal.,2021). Am. 3. Learn more, 2012 2022 OpenWeather All rights reserved, Min/max temperature in current weather API and forecast API, List of all API parameters with available units, Geographical coordinates (latitude, longitude). Meteorol., 43, 170181. The
's in string formats 3 & 4 are required for use in HTML. The border of Nepal is shown in red in Fig.1, and the study area is located in the north-eastern part of Nepal. Res., 18, 2330, 2001.. OpenWeather is a team of IT experts and data scientists that has been practising deep weather data science. in the valley atmosphere) would correlate with the depth of the daytime up-valley wind layer if pressure is horizontally homogeneous above the heated layer. The modelled wind speed is adjusted to 5m, assuming a logarithmic wind profile for neutral stratification (Stull,1988). See EXAMPLE.md for a demonstration of how I use these in my Daily Template. Overall, from the WRF simulation, there is not strong evidence of well-defined thermally driven circulation in the cross-valley direction in the four valleys (Fig.S3 and S4 in the Supplement). Flows and Turbulent Convection in an Idealized Mountain Valley, J. The main benefit of this API is that you can use it free. A clear diurnal cycle of cross-valley winds on both the west and east slope at the same point is found only in the middle parts (red and purple time series) of the Makalu and Kanchanjunga valleys during the 1921December period (Fig.7e, f, g, h). Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior.

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